ABSTRACT
Over the past decade, compared to all other macromolecules lipid-based nanocarriers have proven to be an excellent carrier and delivery system for various pharmaceutical drugs of poor bioavailability. In addition to that, they exhibit exceptional qualities such as minimal toxicity, economical scale-up production, great biocompatibility, and high drug loading efficiency. In this study, we have discussed the various types of lipid nanoparticles, such as liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles. We have also conferred in detail, the composition, shape and size, methods of preparation, advantages, and certain limitations associated with these lipid-based nanocarriers. Additionally, we have exclusively accounted for several examples of lipid-based nanomedicines that have either been approved and commercialized or are under the different phases of clinical trials. The current review overall focuses on the up-to-date research that has recently been published in view of developing lipid-based nanocarriers for various biological applications, including gene therapy, breast cancer therapy, and vaccine development.Copyright © 2022
ABSTRACT
Wearable sensing devices have transformed the hourly analysis of events such as body signals and environmental risks into real-time monitoring in minutes or seconds. Wearable sensors have facilitated the ability to obtain useful data by monitoring the physiological parameters and activities of an aided and a healthy individual. Wearable devices employ detectable biomarkers in the human body, such as in tears, saliva, interstitial fluid, sweat, and so on. These can deliver relevant information on human health, online activity monitoring, and therapeutic treatments. This section outlines the significance of sample types and associated biomarkers as indicators in the development and manufacturing of wearable biosensors. We have emphasized the most recent advances of wearables based on skin-like and textile, giving attention to personalized health monitoring to record signals of motion and physiological and body fluid investigation. Furthermore, this review categorizes wearable biosensors based on the sensing mechanism, electrochemical, optical, and mechanical. Additionally, the recent wearables related to the detection of the newly havoc-causing pandemic, COVID-19, and the future perspective for the development of much more advanced and potent wearable biosensors have been highlighted. The final section highlights unmet difficulties and gaps in wearable sensors in personalized therapy. © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.